Abstract:Ultrasound generally refers to mechanical waves with a frequency of 20 kHz or more exhibiting high frequency，short wavelength and strong penetrability. As a non-thermal food processing technique，ultrasound has been applied in various fields of food processing such as emulsification，crystallization，homogenization，cutting，cleaning，hydrolysis，extraction，accelerating aging，enzyme and microbial inactivation，etc. Compared with the conventional thermal techniques，ultrasound presents many advantages such as simple device，no chemical residues，short processing time，lower energy consumption，minimal thermal effects，less influence on food quality，and so on. However，the color，aroma，texture and nutrition of food would be affected by the high-power and long-time processing of ultrasonic cavitation，which negatively affected the appearance and edibility of food. This article mainly reviewed the global progress in this field，providing the theoretical basis and technical support for further application of ultrasound in food processing.

Abstract:The microencapsulation of flaxseed oil using spirulina as main wall material was prepared by spray drying. The effects of spray drying process parameters and formula on the microencapsulated powders were investigated in this study. Gelatin and maltodextrin were selected as the supplementary wall materials. The characteristics of the powders were studied. The optimum technological parameters for microencapsulation of flaxseed oil using spirulina by spray drying were as follows：3 bar of air pressure，4.3 m/s of fan speed，190 ℃ of inter temperature，900 mL/h of feed speed，10% of feed concentration，and 1∶3 of the weight ratio of core material to wall material. The microencapsulation efficiency was thus improved to 48.85 %. The compound wall materials provided higher microencapsulation efficiency compared with the single wall material. The microencapsulation efficiency increased to over 75% with 5% spirulina，10% gelatin and 5% maltodextrin. The results indicated that the powders encapsulated by spirulina possessed small particle size and smooth surface with the average particle diameter of 7.20 ?滋m. Moreover，the oxidation resistance of microcapsules was increased by 47.7%，comparing with commercially available spirulina powders. Flaxseed oil microencapsulated by compound wall materials of spirulina，gelatin and maltodextrin had good thermal stability and storage stability. The microencapsulation retention reached to 82.96% when temperature increased from 40 ℃ to 200 ℃. The lipid oxidation of flaxseed oil could be effectively prevented by compound wall materials，which showed a higher retention rate of 80% for core material after 30 days storage at room temperature.

Abstract:The effects of modified-atmosphere preservation and modified-atmosphere assisted with the natural preservatives on the characteristics of chilled beef including sensory evaluation，total viable counts（TVC），pH，color and TVB-N were investigated to prolong the product shelf life. The shelf life of chilled beef can be extended to 12 days under 45% O2，50% CO2 and 5% N2，and be further extended to 16 days with a combination of clove/cinnamon. The modified-atmosphere assisted with natural preservatives was confirmed to significantly prolong the shelf life of beef，indicating a promising prospect in food industry.

Abstract:Theconjunction of 4α-glycosyltransferase（4αGTase） with cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase（CGTase） were screened for their ability ofproducing γ-cyclodextrin（CD） usingmaize starch as substrate. The studies on the influence factors showed that 4αGTase should be added first，followed byCGTase. The optimal conditions for γ-CD production was as following：4U of 4αGTase and 8U ofCGTase per gram of substratewere used to convert maize starch（5%，w/v） into γ-CD with the reaction time of 30 h. the subsequent yield of γ-CD was 12.83%，which was 76.7% higher than the control. This study has potential value for the industrial production of γ-CD.

Abstract:The comparative studies for immobilization of spore laccase were carried out using 19 different methods and 12 carriers. The optimal carrier and method were determined by the activity yield，reusability，and cost of the immobilized spore laccase. The ionic bonding method using DEAE-cellulose as the carrier was selected as the best method. The strong diffusion limitations were observed when the spore laccase was immobilized by embedding method. The microspheres might dissolve and swell if semi-embedding method was used. The small pore size made it difficult for porous materials to immobilized spore laccase. The excellent immobilization properties were achieved when the spores were covalently bound to the carriers using carbodiimide as the crosslinker. It was thus recommended as an alternative method.

Abstract:The main substance in Maca aqueous extract responsible for the inhibition of benign prostatic hyperplasia（BPH） in mice was investigated in this study and the mechanism was discussed. Fifty male ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups：the control group，the BPH model group，the finasteride group，the Maca extract group treated with 60 mg/kg Maca（containing 1.44 mg/kg benzyl glucosinolate） and the benzyl glucosinolate group with a dose of 1.44 mg/kg. BHP was induced in all mice by subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate（TP，5.0 mg/kg） with the control group excepted. The inhibitory effects on BPH of Maca extract and benzyl glucosinolate were evaluated using the prostate wet weight，the prostatic index（PI），testosterone（T），dihydrotestosterone（DHT），estradiol（E2），the value of T/E2，the prostatic acid phospatase（PAP） in serum and histopathology examination. Comparing with the BPH model group，the Maca extract group and benzyl glucosinolate group significantly decreased the prostate wet weight and PI（P＜0.01），as well as the values of T，DHT and T/E2 in serum（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. A great reduction of BPH was observed with the prostate glandular hyperplasia reduced or disappeared. The similar histological effects were achieved for the Maca group and benzyl glucosinolate group. The results confirmed an effective inhibition of BPH in mice by the Maca aqueous extract and benzyl glucosinolate which was suggested as the main bioactive component in Maca extract.

Abstract:The effects of Alisma orientalis extracts with different concentration on the production performance，egg quality，serum lipid indexes and yolk cholesterol content of green-eggshell chickens. Five groups of 190-day-old green-shell chickens with a similar laying rate were randomly assigned from 225 chickens. In each group，there were 3 replicates with 15 laying chickens per replicate. The blank control group was fed without the extracts of Alisma orientalis，while the positive control was fed with 0.58 mg/kg Lovastatin. The experimental group had 0.1%，0.3% and 0.5 % extracts of Alisma orientalis，respectively，for 42 days. The egg production rate was increased by 12.28 % with 0.5 % extracts of Alisma orientalis compared with the blank control group. The egg yolk cholesterol was significantly reduced by 24.2% using 0.3% extracts，while 35.5% decrease for triglyceride levels and 51.97% decrease for serum cholesterol. The immune index was greatly improved by 0.1% extracts. A certain dose of Alisma orientalis extracts could thus reduce the cholesterol level of egg and serums，to improve the quality of eggs and chickens immunity. The optimal dosage was recommended as 0.3%.

Abstract:The effects of corn powder on mycelium morphology，exopolysaccharides production and the monosaccharide composition were investigated in the liquid submerged fermentation of G. lucidumto obtain the high yield and activity of polysaccharidesusing solid composite carbon source.The pellets were divided into four categories by the diameter of G. lucidum. The results showed that the pellets diameter decreased with the corn powder concentration increased during the fermentation process.The high percentage of S and M was beneficial to the exopolysaccharides production.The corn powder had no effect on the molecular weight of exopolysaccharides. However，it greatly affected the monosaccharide composition and proportion of exopolysaccharides，in which there were arabinose and xylose while the proportion of fucose and mannose declined.

Abstract:The isoelectric precipitation at pH 4.6 of casein limits its application as a good emulsifier in food industry. In this study，dextrin-modified casein was prepared which could be used in acid foods. The optimization of protein emulsibility was carried out by orthogonal experiment. The emulsibility and emulsion stability of dextrin-modified casein were studied under different pH values. The optimal conditions for the modification were as follows：3 mg/mL of casein，3∶1 of casein to dextrin （w/w），pH 7.8，and 110 ℃ for 60 min. The emulsibility of the modified casein reached to 0.887. Furthermore，the emulsibility of dextrin-modified casein was increased by 50.9% and 110.7% at pH=4 and pH=5，with the emulsion stability increased by 54.8% and 108.7%，respectively.

Abstract:Effects of chemicals，such as pH，metal ions and antioxidants，on the cyclic nucleotides content in goat milk were studied. The results showed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） got the highest concentration at pH 3，while highest concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP） was achieved at pH 2. The content of cAMP in goat milk was increased by Ca2+，Cu2+，Fe2+，Ni2+，Mg2+，Mn2+ and Zn2+，while decreased by Cd2+. The addition of Ca2+，Co2+，Mg2+ and Zn2+ could improve cGMP content in goat milk，while Fe2+ and Ni2+ negatively affected cGMP content. The contents of cAMP and cGMP in goat milk was decreased by antioxidants during first 2~4 days，but improved after 4 days. This study could provide references for the development of functional goat milk products.

Abstract:A pH-responsive hyaluronic acid-gossypol conjugate was prepared based on boronate ester，which could be used as prostate cancer therapy. The conjugate could self-assemble into nanoparticle which morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The nanoparticles were well-dispersed with 40 nm diameter. The pH responsible drug release behavior was confirmed by in vitro drug release study. In vitro cytotoxicity study illustrated a favorable selectivity，since the half maximal inhibitory concentration（IC50） of the nanopaticles against prostate cancer cells was lower than that of normal cells.The designed nanoparticle showed great potential for targeted delivery of gossypol and treatment of prostate cancer.

Abstract:A simple，fast and accurate method was established to determine the composition and contents of lipids and docosa-hexaenoic acid（DHA） during fermentation process for DHA production. The detection for lipids and DHA contents in Schizochytrium was optimized by drying methods，cell disruption methods，the ways of lipid extraction，the methods of methyl esterification and the selection of internal standards. The optimal analysis used an acid-heating method for cell disruption，n-hexane for lipid extraction，nonadecanoic acid methylester as the internal standard and methyl esterification catalyzed by alkali catalyst. It was particularly suitable for the intermediate analysis during fermentation process for DNA production which could be accomplished within 1-2 hours.

Abstract:Bacillus strains were isolated from natural bee bread to enrich microbes producing bee bread from the fermentation of bee pollen. Strains were isolated based on the homologous alignmentusing spread plate methodandpreliminaryidentified using phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes. Theirtolerance to acidand glucosewas also discussed. Sixteen spore-forming bacteria were totally isolated from bee bread of Apissinensis and identified as the genus of Bacillus tequilensis，Bacillus aerophilus，Fictibacillusnanhaiensis，Bacillus sonorensis，Lysinibacillusxylanily-ticus，Lysinibacillusfusiformis，Bacillus invictus and Bacillus methylotrophicus，respectively. However，only ten Bacillus strains could grow vigorously at low pH（4.0） with high glucose concentration（30%）. Fewer spores were produced by the strain Br7，Br9 and Br11，which were suggested as the potential strains used for artificial fermentation of bee pollen.

Abstract:A quick and accurate determination of resistant starch （RS） content in rice was studied，and the optimization of pretreatment was investigated on Yi-Tang rice. The comparative study between AOAC method and Goni method was carried out first and an improved Goni method was then established. The standard RS was selected to analyze the RS content detection using AOAC method and the improved Goni method，respectively. The optimal method was thus used to determine the RS content in Yi-Tang Rice. AOAC method was recommended to detect RS content offering simplicity，accuracy and stability. The RS content of Yi-Tang rice could be significantly improved by cooking and steaming. Higher RS content after cooled was achieved under higher hydrolysis degree and gelatinization of starch when more water was added and finer particles were provided.

Abstract:Bisdemethoxycurcumin nanoemulsion（BCNE） and curcumin nanoemulsion（CCNE） were prepared and their pharmacokinetics was evaluated. Plasma samples were collected from the retinal venous plexus of SD rats after oral administration of BCNE and CCNE. The concentration of BC in plasma was determined by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters of BCNE and CCNE were calculated with DAS2.1.1 pharmacokinetic program. Tmax of BCNE and CCNE were 1.50 h and 1.00 h，while Cmax were 85.87±2.53 μg/L and 85.60±2.29 μg/L. AUC0~72 h for BCNE and CCNE were 788.23±52.04 μg/L·h and 1345.50±64.88 μg/L·h，respectively. The oral bioavailability of CCNE exhibited better performance than that of BCNE.

Abstract:The composition characteristics and seasonal variations of polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in fishes sold in Ningbo market were investigated. Ten kinds of fishes were collected in different seasons and the residual contents of seven kinds of involved PCBs were detected by gas chromatography（GC） to discuss health risk assessment. The concentration range of PCBs was determined as 0.06 to 3.98 ?滋g/kg，and PCB-52 and PCB-118 were main components. The highest content of PCBs showed in autumn，successively followed by winter，spring and summer. The residual levels of PCBs in marine products sold in Ningbo market were in an acceptable level. The uncertainty coefficient of variation on PCBs cancer risk caused by pelagic fish intake was lower than that of lower fish. The key to the health risk assessment was the detection of PCBs.

Abstract:An electronic nose（eNose） analysis was established to determine oral odor in this research. Saliva stench of different incubation times was detected by eNose. The optimal detection time，characteristic parameters and main sensors were obtained via the experimental data from SPSS，PCA，LDA，Loadings analysis and radar map characteristic analysis. The correlation among eNose measurement，sensory evaluation and protein precipitation-spectrophotometry method were compared and analyzed. The impact of Phyllanthus emblica L. extracts on saliva odor was determined by the above three methods. Each sensor was sufficiently distinguished in vicinity 5 s of maximum，which was thus used as the characteristic extraction parameters. There was significant difference （P＜0.05） between R6 （W1S），R7 （W1W），R9 （W2W） and the other sensors with 12 h incubation. The correlation coefficients between their response values and sensory evaluation values were larger than 0.98. Consistent results of the oral malodour examination and evaluation were achieved for all three methods. The characteristic sensors of oral odor were R6 detecting methyl compounds，R7 detecting inorganic sulfide and R9 detecting organic sulfide. The eNose can be used to evaluate the inhibition of oral odor. And Phyllanthus emblica L. extracts showed inhibition on oral odor.

Abstract:The aroma components in orange oil were analyzed in this study by gas chromatography spectrometry（GC-MS）. Sixty compounds account for 98.69% were identified using mass spectrometry database search. The peak area normalization method was used to calculate the relative content of each component. Combining with the odor evaluation，the characteristic aroma compositions in the orange oil were identified as limonene，myrcene，linalool，decanal，α-pinene，sabinene，octanal，α-terpineol，ethyl butyrate，citronellal，nonanal，1-nonanol and so on. This study provided theoretical basis and technical support for the development and application of orange oil.

Abstract:The enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Zhangping Shuixian Tea Cake by complex enzymes was optimized according to the yield of polysaccharide yield firstly by the L9（34） orthogonal experiments to determine the best ratio of complex enzymes. Five significant factors based on the single factor experiment were further studied using Plackett-Burman design，including solid-liquid ratio，amount of complex enzymes，enzymatic hydrolysis temperature，pH value for enzyme hydrolysis，and enzymolysis duration. Furthermore，the main factors affecting polysaccharides yield were investigated and optimized by Box-Behnken center-united experiment and RSM. The best ratio of complex enzymes for pectinase，papain and cellulase enzyme was determined as 15∶10∶18. The pH value of enzyme hydrolysis showed extremely significant effect on polysaccharides extraction，while the amount of complex enzymes and enzymolysis duration significantly affect polysaccharides extraction. The optimum extraction condition was using 80∶1 of solid-liquid ratio（mL/g） and 3.0 % of complex enzymes amount at 49 ℃ under pH 6.0 for 90 min，under which the yield of polysaccharides was 4.26%.