Abstract:Polyphenols have close relations with human health，however，their bioactivity in vivo is influenced and limited by bioavailability. In this review，factors affecting polyphenols oral bioavailability and enhancement strategies were combed by focusing on their absorption，metabolism，and elimination processes in vivo. Based on the above progress，the perspective of polyphenols oral bioavailability was put forward.

Abstract:A strain E9 to produce protease efficiently was screened from environmental samples with skimmed milk as carbon and nitrogen sources and was identified to be a strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus based on biochemical and physiological properties as well as the 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Its optimal fermentation conditions were found to be temperature 35 ℃，initial pH 6.0，inoculation 4% and culture time of 30 h，and the optimal fermentation medium contained 10 g/L of sucrose，15 g/L of beef extract，7 g/L of K2HPO4·3H2O，3 g/L of KH2PO4 and 1 g/L of MgCl2·6H2O. The resulting protease showed high activity and superior stability with moderate temperature and neutral pH values，and its kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were determined to be 7.067 mg/mL and 966.7 μg/（mL·min），respectively.

Abstract:In order to simultaneously preserve fibrinolytic activity and reduce allergenicity of pineapple juice，effects of pressure，temperature，pH and added amount of NaCl were investigated. Based on single factor experiments，Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the processing. The optimal parameters were obtained to be pressure of 425 MPa，temperature of 50 ℃，pH 3.22 and NaCl of 0.55%. With these conditions，the remaining fibrinolytic activity of pineapple juice was 88.34% and the allergenicity was decreased to 33.71%. The results indicated that this processing could effectively retain fibrinolytic activity and reduce allergenicity of pineapple juice.

Abstract:The effect of nine different edible fungi ethanolic extracts （Phellinus baumii，Ganoderma lucidum，Cordyceps militaris，Agaricus blazei，Coprinus comatus，Lentinula edodes，Grifola frondosa，Hericium erinaceus and Pleurotus eryngii） on glucose consumption was investigated in two models of insulin-resistant cells （high concentration insulin-induced HepG2 and dexamethasone-induced 3T3-L1）. The glucose consumption of alcoholic extracts from the edible mushroom using four different organic solution （petroleum ether，chloroform，ethyl acetate and n-butanol phase） from G. Lucidum or P. Baumii was detected in the two cell models. The cell glucose consumption was greatly enhanced by the ethanolic extracts from G. Lucidum or P. baumii in HepG2 model. A better result of glucose consumption was achieved for the two groups with high-concentration compared with the positive control. The cell glucose consumption was also effectively promoted by P. baummi extracted by petroleum ether，ethyl acetate or n-butanol，and similar improvement was observed in G. Lucidum extracted with four types of organic solvents. The glucose consumption increased by ethanolic extracts from G. Lucidum and P. baumii in the study of 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell model. The extracts from P. baummi and G. Lucidum by ethyl acetate facilitated the glucose consumption.

Abstract:Galactans synthesized by phosphoric acid catalysis and microwave irradiation were studied for their chemical structures and regio- and stereo-selectivities during the polymerization. A series of analyses including high-performance gel-permeation chromatography，infrared spectroscopy，methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopies（1H，13C，1H-1H COSY，TOCSY，HSQC，HMBC） were used. Results showed that the degree of galactosyl polymerization was 16 and the -galactopyranosyl residues were dominant mainly with →4）-?琢-D-Galp（1→ and →2，4）-?琢-D-Galp（1→ fragments. Structural analyses further indicated that the activities of hydroxyls in galactose were different and the 4-OH exhibited the highest potency.

Abstract:The content of amino acid in Chinese rice wine（CRW） is one of the most important indexes to evaluate the quality and flavor of Chinese rice wine. In order to rapidly determine the contents of free amino acids in CRW，the possibility of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） for the fast detection of 17 different kinds of free amino acids in CRW wasdiscussed. Synergy interval partial least squares（SiPLS） and genetic algorithm（GA） were used to select the most efficient spectral variables to improve the prediction precision of the classical partial least squares（PLS） model based on the full-spectrum. Compared with the PLS model based on the full-spectrum，the prediction accuracy of model based on the spectral variables selected by SiPLS and GA was significantly improved，especially for cysteine，arginine and proline. In addition，GA-SiPLS model showed the most efficient prediction accuracy to all of the free amino acids，with the correlation coefficient of cross-validation higher than 0.80 and the residual predictive deviation larger than 2.00. The FT-IR combined with efficient variable selection algorithms is confirmed as a useful method to replace the traditional methods for routine analysis of free amino acids in CRW.

Abstract:The concentration and variation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP） and cyclic guanosine monophosphate（cGMP） in goat milk were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the concentrations of cAMP and cGMP in colostrum exhibited considerable variation. The concentration of cAMP reached the highest value at 4-day postpartum check，while that of cGMP at the first day. The concentration of either cAMP or cGMP in mature milk was significantly higher than that in colostrum and late lactation milk（p<0.05） and increased when daily milk yield enhanced. The higher contents of cAMP and cGMP in goat milk milking twice a day were remarkably observed in that milking once a day（p<0.05）. The concentrations of cAMP and cGMP in milk from second to fifth parities' goat were extremely higher than the 1st/6th/7th parities （p<0.05）.

Abstract:To accurately examine the amounts of Monacolin K（MK） in lipid-reducing Monascus products，in this paper we compared to the light industry standard of the People's Republic of China（2007），the health care food inspection and evaluation specification（2003），Taiwan food inspection method of MK（2012） and Zhu Hua et al. applied method. The results show that Zhu Hua et al. applied method was superior. MK linearity was good within 10~400 μg/mL，and addition recovery rate was 96.3%，RSD=1.6%. This method was simple，quick and accurate to examine the amounts of MK，with very great practical value.

Abstract:The study aimed to investigate the in vivo anti-fatigue effect of an extract from Ruditapes philippinarum. Mice were randomly divided into six groups（normal，mode，positive，three dose groups） and after oral administration for 15 days，the forced swimming models of mice were established. The swimming time with weight loading was recorded and contents of lactic acid（LA） and blood urea nitrogen（BUN） and activities of lactate dehydrogenase（LDH），creatine kinase（CK） and superoxide dismutase（SOD） in mice serum were analyzed. Results showed that the swimming time of high and medium doses of groups with weight loading was longer than that of the mode group，three dose groups after exercise had an obviously reduced content of LA（p<0.01），a lower content of BUN，a higher activity of SOD（p<0.05），and lower activities of LDH（p<0.01） and CK（p<0.01）. Thus，the extract from Ruditapes philippinarum could be effective in accelerating the decomposition of metabolites to delay fatigue．

Abstract:Based on the DNA sequences of CaMV35S promoter，FaMV35S promoter，NOS terminator，bar gene，NPTII gene and CP4-EPSPS gene，a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneously screening the above six exogenous elements widely introduced into genetically modified organisms was established. The result showed that the highly efficient multiplex PCR system was obtained when the final primer concentrations were 0.2，0.2，0.3，0.3，0.2 and 0.2 μmol/L separately for them. The method could allow an accurate detection of six target elements from genetically modified maize，soybean，cotton and rapeseed，with the limit of detection of 0.1%. In conclusion，this multiplex PCR assay provides a highly effective approach to the screening of common transgenic components in foods and has high application value in the GMO detection.

Abstract:The complete antigen of Tulathromycin was synthesized in this study. The Tulathromycin haptens were obtained by deriving the mycotoxins with succinic anhydride，introducing the free carboxyl group. The EDC method was applied to conjugate the Tulathromycin haptens to bovine serum albumin （BSA） as an artificial immunogen. The coating antigen Tulathromycin-OVA was achieved in the same way. The synthetic hapten was identified by LC-MS. Tulathromycin-BSA was characterized by fluorescence spectrometry and Bradford method. The antiserum titer was detected by indirect ELISA for BALB/c mice immunized with Tulathromycin-BSA. The conjugated-ratio of BSA was determined as 17∶1. The antiserum titer of the BALB/C mice reached to 1∶8 000 after the third Booster immunization. The complete antigens were successfully synthesized，which laid a foundation for the development of the Tulathromycin ELISA kit.

Abstract:The study aimed to investigate chemical constituents and biological activities of the polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba. The polysaccharides were first produced by liquid fermentation. Then the content of total sugar，monosaccharide composition，molecular weight and the type of glycosidic bonds were analyzed by the phenol-sulfuric acid method，GC-MS，GPC and FTIR，respectively. In addition，antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were investigated. Results showed that the content of total sugar and the molecular weight of the polysaccharides were 85.85% and 1.4×104 g/mol. The monosaccharides primarily included mannose，glucose and galactose and the backbone of the polysaccharides was connected with β-glucosidic bonds. In vitro antioxidant activities such as the reduction capacity，DPPH and hydroxyl scavenging activities were observed and the polysaccharides also significantly reduced the blood glucose of diabetic mice induced by alloxan.

Abstract:Three different molecular weight fractions，i.e.，100 kD （PU100），10 kD-100 kD （PU10） and 1~10 kD （PU1），were separated from the extracts of Pleurotus eryngii leftover in hot water （100 ℃） by membrane ultrafiltration. The physicochemical characteristics of fractions in the extracts were characterized including the product yield，the content of total sugar and β-glucan，the distribution of molecular weight，the composition of monosaccharide and its effects on the NO release from macrophages. PU1 showed the highest yield of 14.6%，which was much higher than that of either PU10 or PU100. The β-glucan （over 50% of β-glucan） contents of PU10 and PU100 were 18.38% and 19.91%，respectively. The crude polysaccharide could be efficiently separated by ultrafiltration membrane within the range of molecular weight as HPSEC analysis suggested. There were several fractions in both PU100 and PU10. Around 73% of PU100 was the polysaccharides with molecular weight >100 kD，while the molecular weights of two components in PU10 were larger than 10 kD and the main component in PU1 was 1.11 kD. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated 4 and 7 monosaccharides composed the polysaccharides in different fractions with significant differences in types and molar ratios of monosaccharide. The activity of stimulating RAW264.7 macrophages to release nitric oxide （NO） was observed for all of the ultrafiltration fractions，among which PU100 represented the highest activity at low concentration （50 μg/mL）.

Abstract:The antioxidant activity of mycelial extracts from medicinal mushrooms was investigated. They were from Cephalosporium sinensis，Cordyceps mortierella，Hericium erinaceum，Ganoderma lucidum and Armillaria mellea using N-hexane，chloroform，ethyl acetate and methanol，respectively. The detection of antioxidant activity was established by five methods by microtiter plates with 96 wells. Their antioxidant activities were then compared and assessed. The results showed that all the extracts could effectively scavenge ·O2-. Extracts from C.mortierella and H.erinaceum had strong scavenging activity to DPPH·，showing up to 94.91% and 92.26% at 8 mg/mL，respectively. The scavenging activity to ·OH of extract from G.lucidum by chloroform was up to 90% at 8 mg/mL，which was comparable to that of Vc. It was demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of these extracts from mushrooms was different from each other. More study will carry out to discuss the small active compounds with antioxidant activity in extracts.

Abstract:The paper studies the technological conditions of the spray-drying method for the preparation of targeted delivery microcapsule with octenyl succinic anhydride modified ginkgo starch as wall material，paclitaxel as core，respectively. With microencapsulating efficiency as the main evaluating index，the processing technology for preparing paclitaxel micro-encapsulation by spray-drying was investigated and optimized by the orthogonal experiments as followed：the proportion of core material and wall material is 1∶8，the solid concentration of emulsion is 15.0%，the homogeneous pressure is 40.0 MPa，and the temperature of inlet wind for the spray-drying is 200 ℃. Encapsulating rate of micro-encapsulation under the optimized technology is 96.82%，content of paclitaxel is 10.63% and its quality is good. The micro-encapsule was really stabe. The encapsulated paclitaxel released 4.27% after it was disposed in simulated gastric fluid and the accumulative drug-release percent in vitro at 240 min was 25.60% in simulated intestinal fluid；But in the simulated colonic fluid，the accumulated drug release percent reached 89.26% within 12.0 h，95.34% at 24.0 h，nearly perfectly released. These results indicate that the paclitaxel of micro-encapsulation had the characteristics higher resistance to digestibility and as a colon-specific delivery system. The preparation process is simple and feasible，it would be a novel paclitaxel preparation in clinic for the treatment of tumor.

Abstract:In order to evaluate the freshness of aquatic products simply and effectively，the usage of the mole ratio of TMA to TMAO（nTMA/nTMAO） was investigated during the storage of Brachypomum. Results showed that during the initial stage the ratios were small and increased steadily with extended storage，and a significant turning point appeared for the secondary freshness and the ratios then increased rapidly. Good correlations between nTMA/nTMAO and TVB-N，TVC were observed and all correlation coefficients were larger than 0.900. Therefore，the mole ratio of TMA to TMAO could be used as an effective method to evaluate the freshness of aquatic products.

Abstract:This study aimed to prepare antioxidant peptides from sheep placenta byproducts by enzymatic hydrolysis. Four proteases were used and degree of hydrolysis（DH） and DPPH radical scavenging activity were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrolysate by papain possessed the strongest DPPH　radical scavenging activity in spite of a moderate DH. Through single factor tests and the response surface regression analysis，the optimal hydrolysis conditions by papain were thus obtained to be substrate concentration 33 mg/mL，pH 6.4，temperature 55 ℃，enzyme dosage 4 900 U/g and hydrolysis time 120 min. With these parameters，the hydrolysis resulted in a DH of 7.92 % and the hydrolysate had strong scavenging activities for radicals DPPH·，O2-·and ·OH with scavenging rates of 92.15 %，93.45 % and 48.88 %，respectively（10 mg/mL）.

Abstract:The study aimed to use Amadori compounds with fruit concentrates as sugar sources for cigarette flavoring. Under the reaction conditions for the synthesis of Amadori compounds，pineapple concentrates reacted with different amino acids to form pineapple and caramel-like flavors. Products were added into cigarettes and the sensory evaluation found that the perfume，Fru-Pro，produced by pineapple concentrate with proline，was the best. Then under the glucose-proline model system the synthesis of Fru-Pro was conducted and monitored by HPLC and its pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC/MS. Results showed that the formation of Fru-Pro corresponded approximately to the consumption of glucose during 0~2 h，the synthesis rate gradually decreased but was always higher than the decomposition rate during 8~24 h，and after 24 h，the decomposition became faster than the synthesis. For the whole process，glucose was the limiting reactant. The main pyrolysis products included pyrroles，pyridines，pyrans，furans，cyclopentenone and pyrazines and many of them were caramel-like compounds.