Abstract:The names of Chinese foods usually comprise the shape characters. In order to explore the profound culture connotations of traditional Chinese foods as the non-material cultural heritage, the stereoscopic constitution, nomination, historical development and cultural significance are integrally pondered, which is based on the disciplinary crossing-over principle. In this article, the historical background and cultural anecdotes of Chinese foods, especially with the shapes in round, square, triangle and strip, are discussed. It points out that the significance of protecting the character of Chinese food as the non-material cultural heritage lies in the rational exploration of its humanistic connotation, and the promotion of its sustainable development as well.

Abstract:Nattokinase (NK) is well known for its strong thrombolytic property. However, methods for exploring the enzyme are still traditional and its value is thus underestimated. In this review, the structure and the classification for NK were summarized. Based on the applications of NK family proteases, the potential utilizations of NK were predicted.

Abstract:The protease isolated from Bacillus sp. BBE201108 was purified using ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, dialysis, Q FF anion exchange chromatography and Superdex 75 gel filtration chromatograph after fermentation. A purified protease with a recovery of 6.48% had an overall purification of 10.55 fold and a specific enzyme activity of 2 575.45 U/mg. The molecular weight was approximately 46 000 as determined by SDS-PAGE. The α-subunit and α'-subunit of β-conglycinin could be effectively degraded after reaction with the soybean protein isolate (SPI) at pH 8.0 under 50 ℃ for 30 min. The protease was relatively stable over the pH range of 7.0-9.0 at 30~40 ℃. The protease activity enhanced by 5%in the presence of Ca2+, and inhibited by Mn2+, Fe2+ and Cu2+. A significant negative effect of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was observed on the protease activity. The values of Km, Vmax, Kcat and Kcat /Km for the protease were 4.19 g/L, 4.04 g/ (L·s), 107.73 s-1 and 25.71 L/(g·s), respectively.

Abstract:In this study, Fourier-transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and their combination for measurements of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of Chinese rice wine (CRW) were compared. Synergy interval partial least-squares (SiPLS) algorithm was used to select wavelengths to improve PLS models and support vector machine (SVM) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to pre-process the merged data from two individual instruments. It was observed that models based on the efficient spectrum intervals selected by siPLS were much better than those based on the full spectra. Models from ATR-IR performed slightly better than those from FT-NIR. Moreover, SVM models based on the combination of two spectroscopies were superior to those from either FT-NIR or ATR-IR spectra, while PLS models based on the same information performed worse than those based on a single spectrum, which may be explained by some non-linearity in the data. Therefore, the integration of FT-NIR and ATR-IR was possible and could improve the prediction accuracy of TAC and TPC in Chinese rice wine.

Abstract:This study aimed to investigate the enzymatic property and immunogenicity of uricase-multivesicular liposomes (UOMVLs). UOMVLs were prepared by a double emulsion method, and optimal temperatures, pH values, storage and thermal stabilities of UOMVLs and uricase (UOX) were determined. SD rats were immunized using UOMVLs as antigens, and their serum antibody titers were determined. Results showed that the optimal temperatures for UOMVLs and U0X were both 40 ℃, while the optimal pH values were 8.0 and 8.5, respectively. The stability of UOMVLs was significantly higher than that of U0X. The serum antibody titers of rats immunized with UOMVLs and UOX were 1∶500 and 1∶8 000, respectively. Therefore, the enzymatic property of UOMVLs was significantly better and the immunogenicity was obviously lower than UOX, which provided an experimental basis for the clinical application of UOX.

Abstract:After Burkholderia glumae (NCPPB 2391, NCPPB 3591), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola (NCPPB 1585) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae (NCPPB2844) were cultured by Columbia agar medium and bacterial colonies were treated with an ethanol-formic acid extraction procedure, the protein fingerprints were obtained and analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. Three plant pathogens were accurately identified except that Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae did not exist in the Bio-Typer. With the standard method from Bruker, we established the protein fingerprint of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Bio-Typer. For the rice leaf spiked with these rice pathogens,

Abstract:The synergetic effect of the recombinant acetylxylan esterase and xylanase from Aspergillus usamii(abbreviated as reAuAxe, reAuXyn11A, reAuXyn10A, respectively) was investigated. The fermentation of Pichia pastoris GS115/Auaxe, GS115/Auxyn11A and GS115/Auxyn10A was carried out using methanol as inducer and reAuAxe, reAuXyn11A and reAuXyn10A were successfully expressed. The amounts on the release of reducing sugar were optimized with enzyme concentration when incubated for 2 h at the optimal pH under 40 ℃ with the solid-liquid ratio of 1 g∶60 mL. A better synergistic effect was found when acetylxylan esterase and reAuXyn11A were combined. Comparing to use xylanase alone, the released reduce sugar could increase by 46% when reAuAxe and reAuXyn11A were added with a ratio of 5∶1. The removal of the O-acetyl groups from the xylose residues by acetylxylan esterase was necessary and important for the efficiency improvement of xylan hydrolysis.

Abstract:Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme which has been generally applied in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. A combination of single factor method and orthogonal design was utilized to study the effect of induction expression conditions and the fermentation medium on SOD production expressed in a recombinant E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET28a(+)-SOD and improve the production of SOD. The optimal expression level of 49.37% and 1.45 times of that in LB medium were achieved under the following condition including 1.20 g/L of leucine，30 g/L of yeast extract，the carbon to nitrogen (C∶N) ratio of 3∶1，0.20 mmol/L IPTG，induce temperature at 37 ℃ and induction time over 8 h.

Abstract:Protease was immobilized using sodium alginate as the carrier. The specific degradation of milk allergen (αs1-casein) was investigated. The immobilization conditions of protease, properties of immobilized enzyme and application in milk allergen removal were studied using the immobilized enzyme activity recovery rate as an index. The immobilization efficiency reached up to 67.5% under the optimal condition of immobilization achieved with 4.0% sodium alginate (ratio of mass to volume), 3% CaCl2 (ratio of mass to volume), the volume of sodium alginate and protease of 1∶3 and 0.5 h for immobilization reaction at pH 10.0 under 70 ℃. The activity of immobilized enzyme was retained over 40% used after six cycles. The milk allergen αs1-casein was specifically degraded when the immobilized protease adding to 2.0% wt skim milk solution at pH 10.0 under 60 ℃ for 25 minute.

Abstract:Ten protein amino acid sequences of influenza virus were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI） from 1902 to 2013，which was analyzed using big data in MATLAB programming with the detailed HP model. Meanwhile，the protein sequences were converted to the data series based on the CGR - WALK model. The time series ARFIMA（p，d，q） was introduced to fit all the sequences. The analysis results indicated a good model with accurate prediction for the variation tendency in the next 10 years，which also provided a reference for the prediction of influenza virus using the big data analysis.

Abstract:The spatial-temporal characteristics of phytoplanktons and its relationship with environmental factors were studied to understand the ecological environment characteristics，using multivariate statistical analysis based on the monitoring data recorded from March 2013 to February 2014 in the Gonghu Bay. Gonghu Bay was generally in a eutrophic state; however，the nearby sampling sites were in a relative better condition. The significant spatial-temporal characteristics was observed for the transparency，suspended substance，chlorophyll a，nitrite and the total nitrogen during cyanobacteria bloom (ANOVA，p＜0.05). A comparatively high spatial heterogeneity was indicated in the phytoplankton community composition (ANOVA，p＜0.05 ). The maximum cell density was found in the 2nd sampling site，while the minimum in the 5th sampling site. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to illustrate the relationship between algae density and environmental variables. Significant positive correlations were found between algae density and the total nitrogen，total phosphorus，permanganate index，suspended substance，and chlorophyll a. But the correlations between algae density and dissolved oxygen were highly negative. Relationship between phytoplankton community composition and environmental factors were analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results indicated that nutrients (i.e.，the total nitrogen，total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen)，permanganate index，water temperature，suspended substance，and pH made a major contribution to the composition of phytoplankton community. There was a remarkable spatial heterogeneity of ecological environmental in Gonghu Bay. The phytoplankton community composition was substantially and cooperatively affected by the environmental characteristics and adjacent sampling sites.

Abstract:According to Shigella gene sequences published by Genbank，we selected specific target genes，designed specific primers and probes and optimized the reaction system. An internal amplification control（IAC） was added to reaction system. This IAC was detected by TaqMan probes labeled with different fluorophore. 5~50 CFU/25 g artificially contaminated sample was added to evaluate the performance of reaction system. The assay was could be used reliably for detection of Shigella with a sensitivity of 1pg/uL. For the 10 -fold dilutions bacteria DNA extracted by cooking water，the lowest detection limit was 9 ×103 cfu/mL. But for the plasmid with ipaH，the lowest detection limit can reach 103 copies /uL. The standard curve of ipaH and ipaH-IAC was established，and the quantification was linear between Ct and template copy number（R2=0.999）. While the initial sample amount of artificially contaminated bacteria was 10 CFU/25 g mutton，the Shigella could be detected after 6 hours culture. The ipaH-IAC fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was developed. It could not only be applied for detection of Shigella in food，but also monitor the PCR reaction system and prevent the false negatives. Therefore，the ipaH-IAC fluorescence quantitative PCR assay further ensures the reliability of the results and is conducive to the realization of standardized quantitative PCR method for Shigella in samples.

Abstract:A dual-priming oligonucleotide (DPO)-based PCR was developed for the rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) using Sa442 of SA as a target gene. DPO primers were able to efficiently amplify the target gene in a temperature range from 45 ℃ to 65 ℃，indicating that the DPO-PCR method was not sensitive to the annealing temperature. The DPO-PCR sensitivity was 2.27×102 cfu/mL. Because of a high specificity of DPO-PCR due to the special structures of DPO primers，no non-specific amplifications were produced in reaction. In addition，13 positive samples for SA were detected from 175 clinical samples by the DPO-PCR method，which was in accordance with the result by the SN/T 1870-2007 standard detection protocol. Therefore，the DPO-PCR could be used as a sensitive，rapid and simple tool.

Abstract:A method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) for the analysis of thiamethoxam, carbendazim, clothianidin, imidacloprid and tebufenozid in allium vegetables was established. The target compounds were extracted by acetonitrile saturated with hexane and then purified with the QuEChERS method. Five different pesticides were quantified by external standard method with determination in the mode of electrospray positive ionization (ESI+) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The calibration curves of five pesticides displayed good linearity within the concentration of 10 to 200 μg/L and the squared correlation coefficients (r2) were larger than 0.99. The average recoveries ranged from 77.3% to 104.1% at three spiked levels of 5, 10，50 μg/kg. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for all samples met the international limited standard. This method is sensitive and accurate with good reproducibility, which is suitable for the routine assay of the studied pesticide residues in allium vegetables.

Abstract:The hyperlipidemia model of SD rats was established and handled with gavage. The physiological indexes and histopathologic of kidneys，hearts and skeletal muscles in the model rats were observed to determine the effect of the Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil on partial organs of rats induced by high fat diet. The results of kidney indexes test showed that the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased by 2%，6%，and 15%，respectively for the high fat group treated in low，middle，and high doses using Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil，while a significant decrease of malonaldehyde (MDA) content by 14%，28%，and 32%，and a significant increase of catalase (CAT) activity by 22%，39%，and 57%，comparing with the high fat control group. Another decrease of triglyceride (TG) content by 13%，13%，37%，and 34% was observed for soybean oil and hybrid hazelnut in low doses group，and hazelnut oil in middle and high dose group compared to the high fat control group. The results of heart indexes test showed that the differences of SOD activity and MDA content were not significant for the groups treated in low and middle doses with Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil，however，an increase of SOD activity by12% and a decrease of MDA by 30% were significantly observed for the groups treated in high doses of Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil. The TG contents of the groups treated with soybean oil and hybrid hazelnut in low doses significantly decreased by 8% and 7%，while those of the groups treated with hybrid hazelnut in middle and high doses extremely significantly decreased by 33% and 33%. The alanine aminotransferase (GPT) content increased by 31%，34%，33%，and 21% for soybean oil and hybrid hazelnut in low doses group，hazelnut oil in middle and high dose group compared to the high fat control group. The results of skeletal muscle test presented significant changes in SOD activity，glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity，MDA content and TG content for the high fat groups treated with Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil. However，the change in cholesterol (TC) content was not obvious. This study revealed that the antioxidant ability of the high fat group could be improved by dosing Flat-European hybrid hazelnut oil，and the prothetic effect for kidneys，heart，and skeletal muscle was observed.

Abstract:The central composite design and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the preparation technology of naringenin-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. The inclusion ratio and the yield of inclusion complexes were studied as independent variables, using several dependent variables such as stirring, the mass ratio of NAR-β-CD, inclusion time, and inclusion temperature. The results were fitted by linear equations and second-order polynomial equation based on the central composite design and response surface method. The optimal inclusion process was predicted according to formulation and further verified by experiments. The cumulative dissolution rates of the NAR-β-CD inclusion complexes and the NAR were comparatively studied. The optimal condition for the preparation of NAR-β-CD inclusion complexes was achieved with a ratio of 5∶1(β-CD∶NAR), inclusion time of 1.412 h，and inclusion temperature at 48.11 ℃,where the bias for the prediction value and theoretical value of the inclusion ratio and the yield of inclusion complexes were 1.43% and 1.99%, while the cumulative dissolution rate of NAR and NAR-β-CD inclusion complexes were 37.15% and 83.24%, respectively.

Abstract:The processing parameters for a mixed paste of sweet potato and kudzu root were optimized through orthogonal experiments. Results showed that the sweet potato pieces treated with 0.2% citric acid and 0.1% phytic acid for 2.5 h for color protection possessed the lowest BD value. The total drying time for three sections of different temperatures was 10 h. The optimal paste formulations were 100 g sweet potato ultra fine powder，50 g kudzu root powder，8 g soybean powder，35 g sugar powder and 8 g cream.