Abstract:This article was focused on the atmospheric frying and vacuum frying in the prepared food. Not only has this article formulated the present application of atmospheric frying,vacuum frying and microwave-atmospheric frying in the prepared food,but also it has summarized the research progress of equipments at home and abroad. Meanwhile,the existing problems and application prospect of atmospheric frying and vacuum frying in prepared food were discussed.

Abstract:The branched-chain amino acids(leucine,isoleucine and valine) are synthesized by bacteria,fungi and plants. They are essential for vertebrates including humans who must receive branched-chain amino acids from their diet. They play an important role in metabolic life because of the special structure and function. Therefore,branched-chain amino acids are used in medicine, food industry and feed ingredient. Fermentation is the main method to produce branched-chain amino acids. Corynebacterium glutamicum(including Brevibacterium flavum) is the main producer. Biosynthesis and regulations of branched-chain amino acids are analysed and the developments in metabolic engineering-breeding are summarized.

Abstract:In order to reveal the diversity and predominant microflora of lactic acid bacteria in traditional natural fermented Suan-cai in China. Five samples of naturally fermented suan-cai broth were collected in the study. Diversity of lactic acid bacteria was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE). The results indicated that Lactobacillus plantarum,Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus were the predominant microflora in samples. Coccishaped strains of Pediococcus sp. and Lactococcus lactis were also identified in some samples. Interestingly,Lactobacillus hammesii and Lactobacillus odoratitofui were only found in DGGE profiles,differently from previous literature reports using the traditional method.

Abstract:The effects of agitation seed on the growth of Aspergrillus niger CCTCC M2013172, citric acid production,dissolved oxygen and residual sugar were studied in a 3 L batch fermenter in this study. The results revealed that 500 r/min was the relative optimal condition and under this condition the yield of citric acid is 12.9 g/L,the conversion rate is 86% and the biomass is 42.6 g/ L.Base on the result,a two-stage agitation ratecontrolling strategy was proposed,in which agitation rate was controlled at 600 r/min in the first 16 h and then switched to 500 r/min after wards. By this controlling strategy,the yield of citric acid reached 14 g/L,the conversion rate reach to 94.6%. And then the two-stage agitation rate controlling strategy was combined with fed-batch fermentation technology,and the yield of citric acid reached 17.2 g/L,the conversion rate reached 95.5%.

Abstract:Fermented food plays a substantial role in human diet. Fermented soybean has special flavor and a variety of physiologically active substances. Microorganisms play very important roles during the fermentation process. In this study,fermented soybean in Yunnan province was selected to analyze the bacterial community diversity using high-put pyrosequencing which can cover the majority organisms that comprise the "rare" biosphere. Results revealed that Lactobacillus was the most abundant bacteria(representing 72% of all 16S rRNA gene sequences) which was very important during the fermentation process of fermented soybean. Bacillus was the second abundant(10%). Besides,sequences belonging to pathogenic bacteria of human(Shigella flexneri) and plants(Erwinia persicina) were also detected which suggested hidden trouble in food safety.

Abstract:The aim of this manuscript was to evaluate antioxidant capacity and analyze the active substance of playing an important contribution to antioxidant capacity of Phellinus. Antioxidant activities and the contents of antioxidant substances of Phellinus were determined by various of antioxidant assay methods,and the correlative relationships between contents of different active components,between results from different antioxidant assay methods and between contents of different active components and results from different antioxidant assay were further investigated. The results showed that ws2 and ws7 had the highest contents of polysaccharide,flavonoid and phenol,and the correlative relationships between contents of different active substances had a large difference whether different genotypes or the same genotypes. Strains of ws2 and ws7 had the strongest scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radical,DPPH,superoxide anion radical,chelating ability and reducing power,and the results from different antioxidant assay methods had differently statistical correlation. The correlative relationship between content of total phenolic and results from different antioxidant assay methods was the strongest than those of polysaccharide and flavonoid,flavonoid’s taking second place,polysaccharide’s low correlation,which described that phenolic played a major contribution to the antioxidant capacity.

Abstract:To achieve better production and shorten the whole process,pretreatment of corn stalk was investigated. Corn stalk was composted separately with 2 kinds of liquid(water,digested effluent). The composting time was set at 2d,4d,6d and 8d. Data showed that the degradation rate of fiber ranged from 3.0% ~18.5% after composting,and the maximum daily biogas production appears earlier. At the same time,biogas production does not change obviously. The longer the composting time lasts,the better the effect has. Treating effect of corn stalk with water is lower than that with digested effluent. The fermentation time and gas production have a good fitting effect of model.

Abstract:Long-term effects of free and bound fructose on inflammatory factors and viscera histopathology in Sprague-Dawley rat were investigated. Male rats were randomized into four experimental groups and a control group. Each group was fed a diet containing 68% of total calories as different composition of carbohydrate for 11 weeks. At the end of the experiment,rats were sacrificed by anesthesia and were autopsied. Serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were detected by ELISA method. The pathological changes of liver and pancreas were directed with hematoxylin & eosin(H&E) staining. The results showed that the levels of serum and liver TNF-α and MCP-1 in fructose-fed rats were higher than the control.Moreover,the bound fructose(i.e. sucrose) showed higher serum MCP-1 than the free fructose(F/G)(P <0.05). Meanwhile,all of the three fructose containing diets induced various levels of hepatic steatosis,especially the SU and F/ST diet showed more severe fatty liver than F/G. The impairment of pancreas was unobvious,only the SU and F/ST groups showed slightly granular degeneration. It was suggested that long-term intake of high dose of fructose maybe induce inflammation and liver impairment,and bound fructose might produce more severe damage to health than the free fructose.

Abstract:Hyperspectral image technology was investigated to identify the geographical origin and years of maize seeds. First,hyperspectral images of different geographical origin and years were acquired using hyperspectral imaging system. Subsequently,four spectral features of each maize seed covered the spectral region of 400 ~1 000 nm contained 233 wavelengths were extracted utilizing the results of active contour model. Final,the identification models were developed using different spectral characteristics and preprocessing methods coupled with partial least squares discriminant analysis. The result showed that the accuracy rate of training and testing set was 99.11% and 98.39% for geographical origin and years identification using optimal feature and preprocessing method,respectively. It is indicated that hyperspectral image technology is an effective method to identify the geographical origin and years of maize seeds.

Abstract:To find an effective way to eliminate biofilm,we researched the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of teapolyphenols citral and cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli were determined by dilution method. Also,the effect of the three nature products on biofilm formation and AI-2 activity of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis,E.coli and the mixed biofilm of all these three isolates were tested by microtiter-plate method at the subinhibitory concentration.The results indicated that teapolyphenols was the most effective product to inhibit the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and cinnamaldehyde had the most effective on the biofilm formation of E.coli and Salmonella at the subMIC,. Besides,citral could inhibit the AI-2 activity of all isolates.

Abstract:The protective effects of fermentation broth of Lyophyllum ulmarium(LU) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) were observed. The H2 O2 was used to induce the injury of HUVEC after the treatment with 20,40 and 80 mg/L LU. Survival rate of HUVECs was determined by the MTT assay,the lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity in culture serum was investigated using the colorimetric method,the apoptotic rate of HUVECs was detected by flow cytometry,and the protein expression of bcl-2,bax,Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 was detected by western blot method. The results showed that LU could increase the survival rate of endothelial cells induced by H2 O2 and increase LDH activity,could reduce the cell apoptostic rate induced by H2 O2,down-regulated the expression of bax,Caspase-3,Caspase-9 proteins,and up-regulated the expression of bcl-2 protein. It was indicated that the fermentation broth of Lyophyllum ulmarium has protective effects on vascular endothelial cell,probably via the inhibition of apoptosis.

Abstract:Fresh pig,fresh rabbit bone were enzymolyzed by trypsin,papain or Alcalase to obtain collagen peptides.The proliferation of hydrolysates on spleen lymphocyte in mouse was selected as an indicator.The best hydrolysis conditions were got bysingle factor experiment and orthogonal experiment.Results indicated that the optimal condition of pig bone were Alcalase,4 h(t),pH 9.5,6 000 U/g(E/S),45 ℃(T) and 6%(S). The proliferation rate of hydrolysates from pig bone on spleen lymphocyte was 83.41%. The optimal condition of rabbit bone were papain,4 h(t),pH 5.5,7 000 U/g(E/S),65 ℃(T) and 6%(S). The proliferation rate of hydrolysates from rabbit bone on spleen lymphocyte was 80.70%.

Abstract:Free amino acids were separated by ion-exchange column chromatography from the crude extracts of Porphyra haitanensis. Amino acids were eluted with 3 mol/L NH3 ·3H2 O and the eluate was collected. Many protein amino acids and five unknown components were discovered in Porphyra haitanensis by thin layer chromatography,ion chromatography and PITC-HPLC respectively. One unknown derivative component(TZC) was obtained by preparation HPLC. TZC was white flocculent solid after vacuum freeze-drying. According to analysis of NMR,HR-MS,IR spectroscopy data,the molecular structure of TZC had been elucidated. TZC was ethanolamine after removed substituent component of PITC,its molecular formula was C2 H7 NO,molecular weight was 61.08.

Abstract:Trypsin has the fluorescence. Fluorescence method was used to study the interactions between N-phosphoryl non-natural amino acids and trypsin solution in detail.The results indicated that L-2-amino valeric acid,heptanoic acid,octanoic acid and nonanoc acid can’t decrease the fluorescence intensity of trypsin solution,but N-phosphoryl amino valeric acid,heptanoic acid, octanoic acid and nonanoc acid can quench the fluorescence of trypsin solution.At the same time, N-phosphoryl amino acid of different concentration,different length have different quenching effects on trypsin.With the increasing of carbon chain length of N-phosphoryl amino acid and the increasing of N-phosphoryl heptanoic acid’s concentration,the intensity of trypsin decreased fast. What’s more,the fluorescence of trypsin could be quenched completely by N-phosphoryl amino heptanoic acid. It showed that N-phosphoryl amino acids could change the interactions with trypsin.

Abstract:In order to explore the relationship between chlorophyll content and color changes of post-harvest broccoli in micro-vacuum conditions,a prediction model for chlorophyll content was established based on color parameter changes,freshly broccoli was stored in micro-vacuum conditions of pressure of 53.33 ~66.66、66.66 ~79.99、79.99 ~93.32 kPa and atmospheric pressure, temperature of(3±0.5) ℃,a predictive model of chlorophyll degradation was established through measuring the color parameter-a/b value,chlorophyll content changes and regression analysis. The results showed that:under 53.33~66.66、66.66~79.99、79.99~93.32 kPa and atmospheric pressure, kinetic models of-a/b value and chlorophyll content with respect to storage time were established according to the test data:C chl 1 =-0.008 5t+0.945 4,C chl 2 =-0.070 6t+0.756 4,C chl 3 =-0.071 4t+0.726 4, C chl 4 =-0.081 2t0.782 9 和-a1 /b1 =-0.014 3t+1.370 8,-a2 /b2 =-0.010 68t+1.456 8,-a3 /b3 =-0.127 1t+ 1.452 1,-a4 /b4 =-0.146t +1.519 3,they all met zero order kinetic model. In addition, prediction models for chlorophyll content based on-a/b value were further developed according to the linear relationship between chlorophyll content and-a/b value:C chl 1 =0.598 5(-a/b)-0.108 7(R2=0.997 6), C chl 2 =0.608 7(-a/b)-0.149 3(R2=0.9817),C chl 3 =0.559 3(-a/b)-0.083 7(R2=0.997 7),C chl 4 =0.5319(-a/b)-0.035 1(R2=0.986 9);they were feasible to use the color parameters changes to predict the chlorophyll content of broccoli after verification. Results of the study provided good support for the non-destructive testing of broccoli.

Abstract:Cinnamaldehyde(CA) is a foodborne antibacterial agent which is from natural cinnamon. It is widely used in food processing,spices,medicine,daily chemical and other aspects. But it is marginally soluble in water and can be easily oxygenated,which makes its challenging to the practical applications and results in low antimicrobial efficacy. In the present study,Nano-CA complexes were prepared with a modified kinetic and thermodynamic stability system,and had the properties of transparency and low viscosity. Free and Nano-CA were compared in terms of their antimicrobial efficacies against Phytophthora capsici(P. capsici). The results indicated that NanoCA had well water-solubility and dispersion stability. Their particle sizes ranged from 15 nm to 60 nm and the average grain diameter was 38.9 nm through nanocrystallization. In addition,Nano-CA demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity with the 50% ~100% increase comparing to the free CA. Taken together,nanocrystallization modification greatly improved the potential of CA applied in the food and agriculture.

Abstract:Rice soaking is an important step of Chinese rice wine production. Biological acidification soaking technology inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC7184 was applied to Chinese rice wine brewing. The effect on soaking process was evaluated by series of characters,which include appearance,smell,pH,total acid,the percentage of lactic acid and biogenic amines content in seriflux,and the broken rice rate,the starch content and gelatinization point of soaked rice. Moreover,the influence of biological acidification soaking technology to fermentation process was investigated. The results show that using biological acidification soaking technology can shorten soaking time at least for 1 day,improve the content of lactic acid,reduce the content of biogenic amine in seriflux,and also reduce the loss rate of starch,the rate of broken rice,and dextrinize enthalpy value of soaked rice,which all improve the quality and benefit to save energy. Compared with control,the fermentation process that applied new soaking technology was normal,and physicochemical characters of immature wine also reached to excellent grade,in which the content of alcoholic increased,while total acid content little dropped,and mature wine achieved higher sensory evaluation score. The results indicate biological acidification soaking technology application has a positive effect to wine brewing.