Abstract:Bone metabolic homeostasis depends on the dynamic balance between bone formation and bone resorption, while insufficient calcium intake, abnormal inflammatory microenvironments, and intestinal homeostatic imbalance can all affect bone metabolic processes and are the main factors contributing to bone mass loss and bone microstructural deterioration. Food-derived glycoproteins/glycopeptides refer to bioactive components formed by the covalent linkage of dietary proteins or peptide chains with oligosaccharide or polysaccharide chains. Natural food-derived glycoproteins/glycopeptides and some artificially glycosylated products have been demonstrated to possess potential activities in promoting calcium absorption and regulating bone metabolism. The author systematically summarizes the sources and classification of bone health-related food-derived glycoproteins/glycopeptides, with a particular focus on the effects of glycan linkage types, monosaccharide composition, sialylation level, relative molecular mass, peptide sequence, and calcium-binding site on digestive stability, calcium binding, intestinal epithelial calcium transport, and bone metabolism regulation. Existing studies indicate that the above bioactive components can promote osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorption, and improve the bone microenvironment through modulating the OPG/RANKL/RANK axis, regulating autophagy, and suppressing inflammation. Meanwhile, this paper summarizes the current research limitations and future research priorities, with the aim of providing theoretical references for the discovery of bone health-related functional factors and the development of precision nutritional products.
