功能核酸-纳米金颗粒复合物在生物传感器检测中的应用

Application of Functional Nucleic Acid-gold Nanoparticle Complexes in Biosensor Detection

摘要:

适配体（aptamer）和脱氧核酶（DNAzyme）均属于功能核酸（functional nucleic acids，FNAs）家族，两者与纳米金颗粒（AuNPs）复合后，可协同发挥分子识别与信号放大作用，有效提升其在传感器检测中的性能。该复合物已广泛应用于食品检测、环境监测及生物医学分析等领域，展现出良好的应用价值。作者系统梳理了适配体、脱氧核酶及AuNPs的发展历程，阐明了功能核酸与AuNPs的复合机制及组装策略，并重点综述了基于比色、荧光、电化学信号的生物传感器在重金属离子和致病菌检测中的研究进展。

Abstract:

Aptamers and DNAzymes, both belonging to the functional nucleic acids (FNAs) family, can form complexes with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to synergistically achieve molecular recognition with signal amplification, significantly enhancing their performance in sensor applications. These complexes have been extensively applied in food safety testing, environmental monitoring, and biomedical diagnostics, demonstrating exceptional application value. The author systematically summarizes the discovery and development of aptamers, DNAzymes, and AuNPs, elaborates on the formation mechanisms and assembly strategies of functional nucleic acid-AuNP complexes, and highlights recent advances in biosensors based on colorimetry, fluorescence, and electrochemical signals for the detection of heavy metal ions and pathogens.