新疆吐鲁番葡萄及葡萄干表皮真菌多样性分析

Diversity of Fungi on the Surfaces of Grapes and Raisins in Turpan, Xinjiang

摘要:

【目的】探究新疆吐鲁番葡萄干制过程中可能存在的影响葡萄干品质的有害真菌，分析品种与葡萄及葡萄干表皮真菌群落组成及其多样性的关系。【方法】选取吐鲁番某葡萄园区的4种热销葡萄品种（‘无核白’‘博尔特’‘香妃’‘黑无核’）为研究对象，采用高通量测序技术分析葡萄和葡萄干表皮真菌群落多样性。【结果】葡萄和葡萄干表皮真菌群落中，在真菌门水平上，Ascomycota和Basidiomycota占据了主导地位，其中Ascomycota在葡萄干中的平均相对丰度（92.24%）高于葡萄（81.43%），而Basidiomycota在葡萄中的平均相对丰度（9.35%）高于葡萄干（2.44%）；在真菌属水平上，葡萄中的优势真菌属主要包括Aspergillus、Cladosporium、Alternaria和Hanseniaspora，Aspergillus在葡萄干中的平均相对丰度（61.75%）高于葡萄（43.97%），而Cladosporium在葡萄中的平均相对丰度（8.61%）高于葡萄干（5.76%）。此外，作者还发现了Aspergillus carbonarius、Cladosporium cladosporioides和Aspergillus versicolor等优势真菌。【结论】从物种的各分类注释水平来看，葡萄和葡萄干表皮中，存在可能产生真菌毒素的Aspergillus carbonarius、Cladosporium cladosporioides、Aspergillus versicolor和未知分类等潜在污染菌，且在各分类水平上均存在差异。污染菌在葡萄干制前后均存在，且无明显变化，表明其持续存在于葡萄的干制过程中。

Abstract:

[Objective]This study aims to understand the potential harmful fungi that may affect the quality of raisins during the drying process of grapes from Turpan, Xinjiang and to explore the relationships between varieties and the fungal community structure and diversity on the surfaces of grapes and raisins.[Method]Four popular grape varieties (‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Boerte’, ‘Xiangfei’, and ‘Seedless Black’) in a grapery in Turpan were selected as research objects. The fungal diversity on the surfaces of grapes and raisins was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing.[Result]The dominant fungal phyla on the surfaces of grapes and raisins were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The average relative abundance of Ascomycota on the surfaces of raisins (92.24%) was higher than that on the surfaces of grapes (81.43%), while Basidiomycota had higher average relative abundance on the surfaces of fresh grapes (9.35%) than that on the surfaces of raisins (2.44%). At the genus level, the dominant fungal genera on the surfaces of grapes were Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Hanseniaspora. The average relative abundance of Aspergillus on the surfaces of raisins (61.75%) was higher than that on the surfaces of grapes (43.97%), while the average relative abundance of Cladosporium on the surfaces of grapes (8.61%) was higher than that on the surfaces of raisins (5.76%). Additionally, dominant fungal species such as Aspergillus carbonarius, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Aspergillus versicolor were identified.[Conclusion]At various taxonomic annotation levels of species, the surfaces of grapes and raisins may harbor pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus carbonarius, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus versicolor, and unclassified taxa which potentially produce mycotoxins. These fungi varied between grapes and raisins at different taxonomic levels. Pathogenic fungi were present before and after grape drying with no significant change, indicating their persistence throughout the drying process.